Strong methane point sources can have an outsized climate impact

To address climate change, both point and area sources need to be addressed. Remote sensing can be used to measure and monitor both types, but it also offers a unique opportunity to identify strong methane point sources and help us achieve significant methane reductions quickly.

The reason for this is because, in some places and for some sectors, point sources can make up a large proportion of a basin or region’s total emissions. For example, oil and gas operations are the largest source of methane emissions from the energy sector. Studies have found that on average, 20%–60% of emissions from US oil and gas basins originate from a very limited number of strong point sources.

Additionally, this disproportionate contribution of point sources to regional emissions has been found across many sectors including coal and waste. For example, in a surveyed area of the Marcellus basin in southwestern Pennsylvania, 58% of observed methane in the region was attributed to point sources primarily due to the practice of coal mine ventilation.

Detecting point sources: How they are measured and how this data can be used

Some measurement and monitoring tools are best suited to area mapping (i.e.,detecting and quantifying emissions at national and regional scales). Other tools are optimized for point source mapping (i.e., identifying emissions down to the scale of individual facilities and equipment). And others still can do portions of both. These different capabilities help to support different use cases.

The key to addressing point sources quickly is being able to identify them, and a variety of stakeholders are interested in accessing transparent, timely, and accurate data that can be applied in different ways. For example:

Operators of oil and gas, waste, or agricultural facilities: By identifying the exact source of emissions, like a leaking pipe or malfunctioning piece of equipment, operators can quickly diagnose the problem, and fix it often using readily available and cost-effective measures or technologies.
Regulators and policymakers: Data can improve compliance or help them understand where policy gaps might exist. For instance in our coal example above, coal mine venting in many cases is an expected and permitted operation, but understanding the sector’s impact on total regional and national greenhouse gas emissions can help to understand the implications of this policy and inform solutions on how to address these emissions.
Community groups and health advocates: Many aim to gain visibility on the strong local emissions point sources to design unique solutions that address community concerns and improve public health.

Knowing what you want to measure, and how this data will be used, is key to selecting the best technological solutions to pinpoint, quantify, and track point source emissions. Handheld cameras, stationary monitoring stations, airborne observations, and methane sensing satellites are just a few of the ways stakeholders are monitoring methane today. And among these technologies, there are a variety of factors (like their detection threshold, sampling frequency, and spatial coverage) that impact how effectively or ‘completely’ they can detect point sources, a topic that we’ll cover in a future post.

Carbon Mapper is focused on detecting and quantifying large emissions point sources (so far through our airborne surveys and soon via satellites being developed in partnership with Planet Labs PBC and NASA JPL) and providing that information in an actionable and accessible way. Our goal is to fill data gaps in the emerging global ecosystem of methane and CO2 monitoring systems by delivering data at facility scale that is precise, timely, and accessible to empower science-based decision making and action.

The image below offers examples of the types of point sources across multiple sectors Carbon Mapper has observed during its airborne surveys. Carbon Mapper surveys to date have covered all major methane-emitting sectors across high priority regions in North and South America, and the Carbon Mapper Data Portal includes methane plumes from countries around the world.

Resources

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Articles: 3

How Carbon Mapper “Sees” Methane and CO2

Methane Point Sources — What They Are and Why They Matter

Methane Matters: A Complex but Critical Greenhouse Gas